I apply the new method of 21 countries which have differing levels of financial and you may financial invention. That it not simply enhances the outside validity from prior to overall performance also lets us exploit anywhere between-country (including within this-country) version in both the frequency out-of matchmaking lending and power of 2008–2009 depression. Also, that with agency-peak survey research, we can distinguish anywhere between financially unconstrained firms, companies that was often denied or frustrated out-of making an application for an excellent loan, and providers versus credit demand. Training playing with credit registry data face the potential limitation you to non-applicant organizations possibly do not require borrowing from the bank, otherwise needed credit but are annoyed out-of using. In the end, of the studying the role of matchmaking financing in the peak and you may trough of one’s borrowing from the bank stage, we could demonstrate that, once the forecast of the theory, relationships lending is far more extremely important throughout a downturn. Despite that it different empirical strategy, our results make better, hence solidify, before conclusions on character away from matchmaking credit throughout downturns.
Three methodological issues need opinion. not, by using studies for borrowing and you may non-borrowing providers we are able to measure the local general balance effect of banks’ financing process, and that we might skip when the paying attention only on the borrowing firms. Next, we have confidence in survey studies for agencies and banks. While agency-level questionnaire investigation was popular about latest books (elizabeth.g., Campello mais aussi al., 2010, Popov and you may Udell, 2012, Ongena et al., 2013), issues you can expect to develop regarding dimension mistake within the firms’ responses so you can inquiries about as to why they don’t get financing, otherwise that rejection could simply mirror the possible lack of capital opportunities having self-confident net introduce well worth. So you’re able to decrease these concerns, you can expect several robustness examination with different meanings regarding firms’ borrowing limitations, in addition to strategies centered on equilibrium sheet study.
Third, our empirical means depends on the region regarding finance companies and you may businesses are separate of any most other. Pursuing the Berger, Miller, Petersen, Ra), i believe that the brand new financial surroundings close companies imposes an enthusiastic exogenous geographic maximum toward banking companies one to firms have access to. You can expect reasonable research which is in chatib visitors line with it expectation. We together with take to to own heterogeneous results of your neighborhood visibility from banks one to check by themselves since the relationships loan providers all over different varieties of companies. So it then tackles the new you’ll endogenous coordinating from agencies and you will banking companies.
The new papers continues below. Area dos refers to the content sources we combine, and you may Area step 3 gift suggestions the empirical means. We talk about all of our baseline show and you can robustness evaluating when you look at the Parts cuatro and you may 5, correspondingly. Area 6 upcoming takes into account genuine consequences, and you will Part seven closes.
Section snippets
The empirical studies rests toward joining three crucial bits of guidance: study toward firms’ credit constraints during the different times, the new geo-coordinates of your own bank branches close these companies, and you may data towards financing processes ones banking companies. I talk about the studies toward firms’ genuine abilities inside Area 6.
Methodology
To estimate the link between the share of relationship banks near a firm and the probability that the firm is credit-constrained, we use the following model for both the 2005 and 2008–2009 cross section. We hypothesize that relationship banks were particularly helpful once the cycle had turned in 2008. Consider the model Y i j k l = ? 1 X i j k l + ? 2 L j k + ? 3 S h a r e r e l a t i o n s h i p b a n k s j k + ? 4 C k + ? 5 I l + ? i j k l , where Yijkl is a dummy variable equal to one if firm i in locality j of country k in industry l is